试图提供一种“城市中的城市”的校园新类型 来源｜CA当代建筑 编辑｜计成 丰富城市与景观肌理中的校园 摄影：胡康榆 extreme urban context: skyscrapers, urban village, river and mountains of Hong Kong ? Hu Kangyu
试图提供一种“城市中的城市”的校园新类型
Futian High School Campus is a ground-breaking model of boarding school in the heart of Shenzhen, the most modern and dynamic Chinese metropolis. Its unicity comes from multiple factors: a context of extreme urban conditions, a very high density, a program layout that allows most facilities to be shared with the neighbours, together make Futian Campus a prototype of “a new city within the city”.
video: a day in Futian campus ? Hu Kangyu
场地区位 site location
In 1980, when Shenzhen was given the status of “special economic zone”, the city was little more than a cluster of fishermen villages with a total population of 300,000 inhabitants in a strategic geographic position due to its extended coastline and its proximity to Hong Kong. Thanks to its special status the city has experienced the fastest process of urbanization in human history and nowadays it hosts almost 18 million inhabitants.
极致的场地环境：丰富城市与景观肌理中的校园 摄影：张超
This unprecedented urban growth has had positive and negative effects: on the one hand it has spurred the city to become the engine of Chinese innovation (both in social and economic terms); on the other hand it has produced phenomena of hyper-densification due to scarcity of available soil - as a reference Shenzhen and Beijing have a similar population, but Shenzhen has only 1/8 of Beijing’s area - and lack of public facilities, particularly schools, which have not managed to keep up with the pace of growth of the rest of the city. To solve this deficit, in the last five years the local government has built more than 200 new schools.
校园夜景鸟瞰 摄影：张超
Futian is located right at the centre of the new metropolis. Within a radius of a few kilometres from the school, one can observe the greatest variety of urban fabrics: Hong Kong green reserve land in the distance, Futian urban village (one of the few remains of the old town) in the immediate adjacency, already surrounded by new 100+ meters high residential towers, the new Central Park in front and on the other side of the park, the imposing skyscrapers of the CBD. In this context, the site of the school, locked by high-rise buildings on three sides, presented itself as one of the last plots of low density to be upgraded by the new development.
场地原状 site condition
高密度城市包围的校园 摄影：张超
城市对创新的追求在福田中学的设计竞赛中得到了回应。福田新校园行动计划“8+1”的一系列学校设计里，竞赛任务书要求建筑师从根本上重新思考“校园”的概念，探索新的学校建筑类型以应对前所未有的密度，适应新的教育模式改革；反思当代校园应担当的角色，提出新的校园空间范式以更好的与周边社区产生真实而紧密的共享关系。
城市剖面 urban section
设计将教学塔楼和高层的宿舍体量沿着用地东侧和南侧布置，操场则布置于场地西侧，与周边已有的城市肌理共同形成东高西低的天际线，平稳地向西侧中心公园过渡。宿舍楼的庞大体量（长120米、高50米），经由一系列水平和竖向的体型“裂缝”，获得通透疏朗而尺度宜人的体形而融入周边环境，避免其产生对校园内外环境的压迫感。
顶视图 摄影：张超 top view ? Zhang Chao
设计生成 design process
不同于大部分中国的中小学中操场被作为校园中心焦点的方式，福田中学始终向外聚焦，平行交织与微折的教学楼体量创造多条东西向视觉通廊，最大限度的扩大朝向开阔的中心公园和远方起伏的CBD天际线。学生不再与城市隔绝，而是成为周边都市的积极观察者。
教学楼间的视线通廊 摄影：张超
一座没有围墙的学校：真正的城校共享
通往架空操场的城市侧快捷入口 摄影：张超
新旧对比：校园入口 摄影（右图）：张超
Traditionally Chinese schools are urban islands with campus structures that isolate them from their neighbours and a lot of underused facilities that for security reasons are not accessible by external users. Futian Campus design challenges this configuration in favour of a much more flexible management scheme that partially opens the school to the local community.
裙房轴测图 podium
△ 左右滑动查看，直接面向城市街道的报告厅社会门厅 摄影：张超
public lobby of the auditorium open to the city ? Zhang Chao
剖透视图 sectional perspective
In order to fulfil all the functional requirements of the brief in a relatively small site, one crucial design decision was to elevate the running track 7.4m above the road level, creating a thick podium that hosts all the larger pieces of the program, organized around a series of courtyards that create a porous mat structure. This configuration allowed to create an unusual urban interface: rather than the standard blind fence, the school boundary along the main road is a transparent fa?ade that gives direct access to a series of semi-public facilities. In the weekends or for special events, a group of indoor and semi-outdoor basketball, volleyball and badminton courts, a gym, a swimming pool, an exhibition space and a 1,000 seats auditorium (in total 13,600 m2 of public program) can all be opened to external users, thus transforming the school from a hermetic bubble into a civic centre.
运动中心 sports center
风雨篮球场与通透的城市界面 摄影：胡康榆
△ 左右滑动查看，风雨篮球场、通透的城市界面 摄影：胡康榆
semi-outdoor basketball courts and permeable urban interface ? Hu Kangyu
△ 左右滑动查看，羽毛球场、篮球馆、健身房 摄影：张超
semi-outdoor badminton courts, indoor basket court and gym ? Zhang Chao
食堂轴测图 canteen
学生食堂 摄影：张超 canteen ? Zhang Chao
As a response to the irregular shape of the site, the running track on top of the podium is rotated 15 degrees anti-clockwise from the ideal north-south orientation to create a smoother connection with the buildings around it. As a result a triangular plaza is formed on the south-west corner of the plot, where the main gate is located. The entrance plaza is designed to give a generous space for the intense traffic of students and parents in school hours, but, especially in the evenings, it is also effectively a new active space open for public use.
△ 左右滑动查看，校园入口：还给城市的广场 (傍晚与清晨） 摄影：张超
entrance plaza (dusk and morning) ? Zhang Chao
运动场西立面雨棚 摄影：张超
运动场雨棚：天花 摄影：胡康榆
A large stair connects the street with the grades of the sports field, allowing the facility to operate as a proper professional district-level stadium with a covered seats capacity for more than 3,000 spectators.
周边的小学在福田中学开展年度运动会 摄影：郑新然
我们在面向福田路的校园西侧界面通过一系列楼梯、坡道，将空中操场与地面街道顺滑连接，空中平台还预留立体交通网络接口：在不久的未来这里将接驳一座通向对面中心公园的步行天桥，让城市中的公共资源实现彼此之间真正的互联互通。
不久的未来，学校将接驳通向对面中心公园的步行天桥
a future addition of a pedestrian bridge that would connect the stadium and the park
The design of the public circulation includes the plan for a future addition of a pedestrian bridge that would create a direct connection between the stadium and the park.
田径场 摄影：张超
连接裙房上下运动空间的楼梯 摄影：胡康榆
田径场与教学楼 摄影：袁小宜
超高密度校园的空间应对
Mediating the extreme density
多层地面：望向CBD天际线 摄影：胡康榆
多层地面 摄影：胡康榆
功能布局 program stack
Futian Campus is a boarding school for a community of 3,000 students with a GFA of 120,000 m2 on a plot area of 41,000 m2. The project started as a renovation of an existing school, but the original floor area had to be quadrupled, making any preservation strategy impossible. With such numbers, the fulfilment of optimal solar conditions, proper natural ventilation, fire safety and other strict normative requirements was already a big achievement, but the most challenging design goal was to mitigate the sense of oppression that such high density could easily generate. For this scope, reMIX’s strategy focused on two main principles: maximizing porosity and “multiplying grounds”.
入口架空广场 摄影：张超
教学楼与学生宿舍 摄影：胡康榆
宿舍立面及“裂缝”中的攀岩墙 摄影：胡康榆
Achieving a high porosity, through the insertion of voids of different sizes both on the vertical axis (courtyards) and on the horizontal axis (covered terraces) is not only a valid design strategy to adapt to sub-tropical climatic conditions where natural ventilation is crucial, but it is also a way of creating new semi-outdoor spaces that operate at the human scale and help break down the imposing monumentality of the overall massing.
多层地面 multiplied grounds
位于三层的教学裙房屋面广场（左），教学楼（右） 摄影：胡康榆
教学楼立面 摄影：胡康榆
教学楼立面 摄影：胡康榆
THE LOOP | 空中社交圈
不仅仅是一个交通体系
空中社交圈 loop
校园鸟瞰图 摄影：张超
The starting point in the design of the loop was a practical solution to a very challenging issue: 3,000 students live in a dorm building that reaches 13 floors of height and every morning they all need to move at once to reach their respective classrooms. How can one make such massive flow happen without heavily relying on elevators, not a feasible option for a school? The solution came from splitting up the volume of the dorms to create a public platform on the 9th floor that overviews the whole campus and connects to all the teaching towers on the 6th and 7th floor, through a system of bridges and stepped roofs. By splitting the high-rise buildings into two low-rise horizontal halves, this new elevated path cuts vertical movements by half, allowing students living or studying in the higher floors to move across the whole campus without the need of going up and down infinite flies of stairs.
宿舍架空层 摄影：胡康榆
从宿舍架空层走向空中社交圈 摄影：胡康榆
教学楼 摄影：胡康榆
The loop, though, is not just a circulation system and it is certainly not driven only by efficiency, in fact none of the connections is straight nor follows shortest-walk principles. It is rather a three-dimensional combination of diverse social spaces (seating areas, open air classrooms, amphitheatres, roof gardens, etc.) that are designed to promote curiosity and inspire spontaneous activities and exchanges between students, recreating in a way all the interesting informal interactions that occur in the city. In other words, the loop is a meandering “social bend” designed to organize the campus life, privileging diverse individual experiences in spite of social segregation.
从宿舍架空层走向空中社交圈 摄影：张超
图书馆屋面露天剧场 摄影：胡康榆
△ 左右滑动查看，空中社交圈：露天阶梯教室、 自由讨论区、实验室展示界面 摄影：张超、胡康榆
the loop: semi-outdoor stepped classroom, discussion area, scientific labs with clear interface to the corridor ? Zhang Chao and Hu Kangyu
生态校园
候鸟迁徙路径 摄影：胡康榆 bird migration route
生态剖面 ecological section
Futian campus is located along a very important corridor for migratory birds. In the old school, during the migration season, students could observe big flocks of birds resting on the grass of the sports field - one of the reason why the competition brief asked for a grass football pitch. The new massing of the campus degrading towards the park makes it a bird friendly eco-system.
峡谷自然博物馆 the jungle
While the multiple courtyards and gardens on the podium are designed to address storm water management strategies and human-related needs, the green roofs of the teaching towers are mainly designed for the birds.
峡谷自然博物馆 摄影：张超
峡谷：多孔性 摄影：张超
校园中立体多层的景观空间共同形成相互连接的生态基础设施，除了雨洪管理、鸟类保育等功能外，我们还在裙房中设置了一个峡谷自然博物馆，这个空间是设计师与各学科老师共创的结果，融入地理、自然、生态等学科的教学内容，为学生提供宝贵的教育素材和户外课堂，让教育与建筑真实的互动，让校园真正成为一本教科书。
A three-dimensional system of green spaces creates an interconnected ecological infrastructure. The design of the green system responds to multiple functional goals: food provision for migratory birds, rain gardens and botanical exhibition areas provide environmental benefits as well valuable educational material for the students.
从中心公园看向校园 摄影：张超
△ 左右滑动查看，首层平面、三层平面、六层平面、七层平面
ground floor plan, third floor plan, sixth floor plan, seventh floor plan
△ 左右滑动查看，南北向剖面图、东西向剖面图
section SN and section WE
体育场雨棚节点图 canopy detail
教学楼节点图 teaching tower detail
宿舍节点图 dorm detail
