Additional information on diaphragm walls:
 
·        It is a classical technique for many deep excavation projects, large civil engineering works, underground car parks, metro pits etc. Especially under water table.

·        They may be used to provide structural support and water tightness.

·        Nowadays depth of panels exceeded 100m, excavation depths exceeded 50m.

·        Panel excavation is made by cable(d) buckets or kelly equipment. Recently soil cutters (hydrofraise)

·        Hard layers are excavated by trepaning or by using the recent drilling equipment “hydrofraise” or “cutter”.

·        Excavation very close to existing buildings is possible.

·        Integration to permenant structures is possible

·        Watertightness is generally sufficient for provisional structures, and may be improved for permenant structures by special joints.

·        If deviating panels occurs, flux of water into the pit may be experienced in water bearing permeable soils.

·        Slurry technique is a specialized technique and specialized contractors do the job.

Equipment: Crawler cranes, excavation equip. (buckets etc), extractor (stop and pipes), tanks, pumps, desanding equipment, air lifts, screens, cyclones, silos, mixers