GROWING NATIVE AND INDIGENOUS PLANTS
本土植物的生长
What is the difference? In general terms, native plants are all plants from Australia. Indigenous plants are those specifically native to particular places in Australia.
有什么不一样呢？通常长说本国的植物都是来自澳大利亚的。本地的植物是澳大利亚境内的某些特殊的地方。
Sustainable landscape is an approach to designing and constructing the artificial landscapes that surround our buildings. These landscapes should maintain themselves and survive by being part of the natural cycles of the local environment.
对于设计和建造一个人工地形使其环绕于我们和建筑群周围，可持续发展的地形是一个很好的方法。这些景观应该可以使它们自己保存并存活下来，并成为本地环境自然生态圈的一部分。
In many cases this means finding out what the original local environment was like. This is often difficult, as in our cities and even in rural areas the landscape was significantly changed after European settlement.
在很多情况下，这代表这要找出本地环境最原始的状况。这是非常困难的，在我们城市甚至乡村地带，在欧洲人住扎之后景观发生巨大的变化。
Sustainable landscape means putting back much of what was in place before development. It may also mean introducing things that were not there before.
可持续发展地形，代表着尽量恢复这个地方在开发以前的事物。它同样可以代表引进这个地方以前没有的东西。

Heat loss and gain in a well insulated home occurs mostly through the windows. In summer, each square metre of glass in direct sun can allow as much heat in as would be produced by a single bar radiator. In winter, losses from a window can be ten or more times the losses through the same area of insulated wall.
在保温措施很充分的家庭里面，热量的得失大部分是通过窗户发生的。夏天，每平方米的玻璃上的通过的直接太阳辐射等同于单个暖气片产生的热量。冬天，从窗户散失的热量是同面积的保温墙体上散失热量的十倍或更多倍。
With good design windows can trap warmth in winter and repel summer heat. They admit cooling breezes and exclude cold winter winds.
设计很好的窗户可以在冬季引入热量，在夏季抵挡热量。还能够在夏季得到凉风，而不会受到冬季寒风侵袭。

亚热带湿性气候
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
主要特征：
 High humidity
 Hot to very hot summers with mild winters
 Distinct summer/winter seasons.
 Moderate to low diurnal (day/night) temperature range. This can vary significantly between regions e.g. inland to coastal.
 高湿度
 夏季燥热冬季气候温和
 夏季和冬季有明显的差别
 昼夜温差适中，在不同区域之间（如从陆地到海岸）昼夜温差有明显的变化

KEY DESIGN PURPOSES:
主要设计目的：
 Maximise external wall areas (plans ideally one room deep) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (cross ventilation).
 Site for exposure to breezes.
 Shade whole building where possible in summer.
 Allow solar access in winter months only.
 Shade all east & west walls & glass year round.
 Avoid auxiliary heating as it is unnecessary with good design.
 Use well insulation (especially if the house is air-conditioned) and vapour barriers.
 Use Elevated construction with enclosed floor space, where exposed to breezes.
 Choose light coloured roof and wall materials
 Provide screened and shaded outdoor living.
 增大外墙面积（最好是一室径深）以加强风沿建筑的流动（纵向通风）
 选择有风的地点
 夏季尽可能对整个建筑遮阳
 只在冬季让太阳进入
 东西向墙和窗全年遮阳
 通过好的设计避免不必要的辅助加热
 采用良好的绝缘（特别是采用空调的房子）和蒸发屏障
 采用开放的通风的地板结构来提高建筑高度
 选择浅色调的屋顶和墙壁材料
 提供遮阳的户外生活空间

This may be attributable in part to the Vorarlberg mentality, which-seen from my perspective in Vienna at least-is strongly focused on cost-effectiveness. Given the strict conditions that apply to building today, that is a natural advantage which pays dividends everywhere. It is also has to do with the tough school of housing construction, every aspect of which B & E have addressed in a more forward-looking and responsible manner than most of their fellow-architects. When it comes to long-lasting envelopes, square metre prices very close to the minimum limit, complex ecological systems and energy-conscious construction methods, B & E residential buildings are hard to beat. That the word has spread to far-flung corners of the earth is apparent from their high-rise residential blocks for Peking that are now beginning to climb skywards.
我在Vienna的工作室期间感受最深的是Vorarlberg小组特有的工作理念，他们更注重于合理有效的建筑花费。在如今的建筑行业当中有很多的严格规定，因此他们的工作理念就体现出了优越性。他们还要为一些要求苛刻的学校进行房屋建筑，他们在其中的每个方面都相对于他们的同类建筑师来的更有远见和责任感。B＆E　它的居民建筑是很难被击败的，它运用了可长期运用的外围护结构，每一平方米的价格接近最低点，他们运用了复合式的生态系统和能源节省的建筑方法。这种理念已经远远的传播到地球的另一个角落北京，它迅速的应用于北京的民用建筑中，在那里高层民用建筑群正在迅速的掘起。

VIE SKYLINK-Expansion of Vienna International Airport and the Airport City at Vienna-Schwechat
扩展Vienna国际机场和在Vienna-Schwechat的机场城市。
A realization competition (first stage of construction up go 2015) will focus on the development of a long-term master plan for the airport, including a terminal extension, the construction of the new south pier and prospective planning for the north pier; an urban development concept for the Airport City; and a traffic improvement scheme involving a reinterpretation and upgrading of the airport suburban railway station.
已经确认的竞争重点在于机场的长期主要的发展规划，包括机场的扩建，新南部马头的建设和将来对北部马头的设计；对于机场城市来说的一个城市发展概念；和一个交通改进的规划，它包括了从新的示意和升级机场的郊区地铁站。
Vienna-Schwechat Airport opened in 1960 and it has undergone several conversions and extensions in the meantime. The existing fabric, parts of which are highly problematic in architectural terms, will be dovetailed into the current expansion project by means of a >> one-roof concept<< that will produce a visually and functionally integrated complex. The new facilities will be to the east of the present Terminal 2 and their sickle-like appearance will give them landmark character. Crucially, there will be no change in the minimum connecting time of 25 minutes, which is unmatched anywhere else in Europe. The suburban railway station will be upgraded and become the main mode of passenger transport to and from the city.
Vienna-Schwechat机场在1960年开放，经历了多次的改进和扩建。对于它已有的框架来说，有的部分在建筑方面上存在这很大问题，将被紧密的整合在这次扩建过程中，以一种叫做“one-roof concept”的方法来达到，他将产生一种视觉上和功能上整合的混合体。最新的设备将被整合在2号厅，它的镰刀式外形将成为它的标志性特点。非常重要的对于最小的二十五分钟连接时间来说没有任何变化，在欧洲的任何地方也没有哪里能与它相比。它郊区的地铁站将得到升级，并成为旅客进入城市的主要交通方法。

The Airport City, which has hitherto developed in somewhat arbitrary fashion (hotels, administrative buildings, etc.), will form part of a firmly- knit urban development plan, into which the present fabric will be integrated. The area will be bounded by a ring-shaped bypass and have an internal one-way traffic system running in opposite directions. Little pocket parks will enable the city’s business park to blend into the natural surroundings. The architects’ airport expansion project involves a modular construction system that is appropriate to the high degree of repetition and meets the (economic) need for standardised materials, details and functional units. There are four levels above ground and one below ground in certain segments (where the trains run on sunken track).
这个机场城市至今为止一直在一个任意的流行趋势下加以发展（像旅馆和行政建筑等），它将成为结构紧密的城市发展计划中的一部分，在其中现有的结构将得到整合。这个区域将被一个环型的小道包围和有一个内部的单行交通系统在它相反的方向运作。小小的口袋式公园，使城市的工商场地有一种融入到周围自然环境的感觉。建筑师们的机场扩建计划当中包含了一套建筑系统模式，它是非常适用在高成度的重复，和满足了标准材料，细节和功能等单位的需求。一共在地面上有四层，在地下有一层，这些是确定的部分（铁路将在凹槽导轨中运行）。

The main structure is a steel-framed building in which prefabricated units are used for the ceilings (with the exception of the core areas). This is a very economic solution even where the spans are long. The building is topped by a ventilated roof with a metal sheet covering. The facades are 21 metres high, rising to 24 metres at the ridge. Significantly, the terminal’s upper floors are set off by the fa&ccedil;ade’s vertical air spaces.
The architects’ underlying aim is to produce a trinity of transparency, translucence and luminosity. In other words, the new Skylink will be a fascinating experience no matter what the perspective or the time of day. Entering the building beneath the canopy, visitors pass through a section of the fa&ccedil;ade that opens out go form a draught lobby. Emerging from this relatively low air lock they find themselves on the land　side in a high-ceilinged hall. Transparent facades afford a view from here of the air side, thus effectively highlighting the links between the airfield and the building.
主结构是钢架的建筑，在其中是先做单孤部件被用在天花板上（核心部分除外）。这是非常经济化的解决方法，即使跨度很长。建筑物上的可通风屋顶是由金属片覆盖的。它的正面高二十一米，到屋脊高度为二十四米。非常重要的是建筑设施的上层由正面垂直的空气层分隔开来。建筑师们强调了他们的目的是产生一种透明、半透明和发光的三合一产品。也就是说，这种新的Skylink使人不管怎么看在什么时间看都得到一种梦幻般的体验。从天莲的底下进入建筑，访问者穿过一段正面的区域，它对外开放形成了一个空气流动的大厅。相对低空的展示使他们发现自己处于地面上一个高天花棚的大厅里。透明的正面展示了一种空中的视野，因此在飞机场和建筑之间建起了一个有效的连接。

正是因为大户采光，遮阳才更显得尤其重要。比如现在烈日炎炎的中午，你能忍受太阳直接辐射产生的高温吗，即便有空调又如何，消耗电力资源不说，还会传播细菌，产生头晕症状等空调病。在安装遮阳后，并不是严严实实的遮挡了所有的采光途径，需要阳光的时候，把它收起来；一旦放下来后，能阻挡80%的太阳辐射，通过不同的材料和控制措施，丝毫不会影响室内采光，而且降低了空调负荷，提高了居住舒适度。我想可能不了解遮阳产品的特性，才会导致楼上这位的误解，它是可调的！它是解决太阳辐射需求矛盾的唯一途径！

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外遮阳与建筑节能


第一部分 建筑节能的战略意义

随着经济增长速度加快和能源需求恢复性的增长，我国能源供求关系再度全面紧张。到目前为止，除了石油进口量继续上升外，我国已有20多个省市缺电，一些地区不得不拉闸限电，一些企业的煤炭库存已低于正常水平。能源紧缺除了在一定程度上提升了建材、运输等相关行业和产品的价格外，还直接影响到一些重要产业的发展。

所谓建筑节能，其含义比字面上的意思更为丰富和深刻。自从1973年发生世界性的石油危机以后的20多年来，在发达国家，它的说法经历了三个发展阶段：初期称之为"建筑节能"，但不久即改为"在建筑中保持能源"，意思是减少建筑中能量的散失；近年来则普遍称作"提高建筑中的能源利用效率"，也就是说，并不是消极意义上的节省，而是从积极意义上提高利用效率。在中国，现在仍然通称为建筑节能，但其含义应该上升到最高的层次，即在建筑中合理使用和有效利用能源，不断提高能源利用效率。

现在，建筑能耗应指建筑使用能耗，其中包括采暖、空调、热水供应、炊事、照明和家用电器等方面的能耗，在国际上，它是与工业、农业、交通运输能耗并列，属于民生能耗，一般占全国总能耗的30%-40%左右，由于建筑用能关系国计民生，子孙后代，因此节约建筑能耗，是个牵涉到国家全局，影响深远的大事情。

第二部分 外遮阳是建筑节能不可或缺的部分


不容置疑，40%的能量是通过门窗浪费掉的。

所以为更有效的利用能源，我们必须从门窗入手，研究在夏季的时候太阳能量的传递与转换。

能量有三种传递方式：热传导，热对流和热辐射，由于从太阳到地球的能量传递主要是通过热辐射的方式，所以我们重点研究热辐射，当然从窗外到室内的能量传递也是通过热辐射的方式传递能量。

假设房屋的墙和屋面等围护结构是很好的热阻体，进入房屋内的主要热能源是以太阳光的形式透过玻璃进入室内。

太阳光有三种主要波段：红外线，可见光和紫外线。

当光线照射到窗户的玻璃时，红外线被玻璃吸收，辐射能转换成热能，使窗户变热；可见光和紫外线穿透玻璃进入室内并被室内物体吸收，室内物体吸收辐射能后转化成热能，使整个房屋内温度升高，特别是高能紫外线的辐射作用。

一般我们有两种方法遮挡窗户。我们可以从外面，或者从里面。这两者之中，外遮阳的效果要比内遮阳显著的多。


当我们使用内遮阳（百叶，窗帘等）的时候，只是局部的给房子遮阳。阳光晒到窗户上，温度不断升高；然后进入房间里面，使遮阳材料的温度升高，内遮阳与窗户之间的空气温度也随之不断上升。（参照上面图片）。想象一下您处于这种使用内遮阳的房间是什么感受？这三个部分（窗户玻璃，遮阳设施及这两者之间的空气层）就像暖气片，持续不断的给您的房子升温。

然而，外遮阳设施就有很大的不同，可以在阳光晒到您的窗户之前就阻挡了。并且由于遮阳设施安装与房子的外面，上面不断流动的空气可以把热量随时带走。热量不会有丝毫的机会进入到您的房子里，甚至晒不到您的窗户！