自从资本主义社会制度确立以来,社会矛盾就十分尖锐地暴露出来,由此产生了各种克服异化、解决社会矛盾的方案对策,同社会主义事业遥相呼应。社会福音神学救赎就是这样一种解决社会时弊的时代产物。社会福音既是解决资本主义社会危机的神学救赎构想,又是接受社会主义工人运动启迪,应答近代以来宗教批判的社会发展模式探索。社会福音理论在现实维度上展现了“上帝国”福音救赎的人类理想社会追求,实现了天国神学救赎向尘世社会批判的转折,成为社会主义的历史文献。社会福音理论以人间“上帝国”社会模式介入世俗生活,应许尘世的公正和“罪人”的解放,并借助上帝之爱展开社会福音救赎活动,实现基督教化的社会改良,从而在西方社会发挥了宗教的世俗指导与引领作用,为宗教发展搭建了沟通交流、对话合作的平台。在马克思人类解放学说的视域中,社会福音理论同时兼具神学历史救赎的合理性和社会现实变革的局限性。本文通过对社会福音理论进行批判性的反思,深入研究福音入世的神学价值与现实意义,确使我们准确认知神学救赎的真实作用与社会局限。
工业羊毛毡
According to the acute and realistic inconsistencies, more and more countermeasures were created to overcome the dissimilation and solve the problems. Social Gospel, which is a kind of socialism literature, offers a chance of redemption through the Gospel and a response of theology, which breaks the morass of reason kingdom of capitalism society.The earth and the heaven are two different parts separated from each other. The conundrum of Christianity is how to break the metaphysical character of the faith in God and the land of promise, how to response realistic challenge, how to connect the spiritual salvation and the human emancipation, how to establish the realism of Christianity theology and how to intervene the real world and enlighten the life. Social Gospel theories answer those questions by changing the Christianity Gospel salvation into the social reform on the foundation of real life, and somewhat change the transcendental and illusorily character of the great beyond, then create another way of theology salvation which includes the reflection to the ultimate fate of human beings by the idealist mode of sacred land. This paper tries to summarize the special opinions of social Gospel, by which they can achieve the idealist social ambitions, then explain the process how the sacred land and the theology salvation change themselves from faith to reality, and analyze the influence to the west world on the foundation of the cognition and comprehension to the social Gospel. This paper bases on the theory of human emancipation in Marxism, tries to get a critical reflection of the social Gospel and exhibits the rationality and the limit of theology salvation.This paper including four parts.The first part focuses on the history and social backgrounds and the theology logical clues of the production of social Gospel. In short, this theory was a consequence of the conflict between the revolution in the world and the Christianity theology standpoint. After the perdition of capitalism myth of state, face to the internal contradictions and social crises, under the influence of socialism, the evangelical get hold of the light and the real truth under the influence of socialism, which is much powerful than the Gospel and the heaven, and realizes that, the only way to continue the theology intention of the Christianity, spread the Gospel, and make everyone salved, is to learn from the utopia experience of the socialism theories in Christianity, interpose the temporal life, compose the social criticism of evangelical, conciliate the duality of the world, take the responsibility of the religion, rebuild the authority of God. Then they change themselves from the spiritual faith into temporal salvation, bring out social Gospel theories and want to solve the real conundrum in capitalism with the ideal social project of kingdom of God. They exploit the authority of Christianity, especially the Gospel in the Bible, overcome the limitations of Liberal Christianity and fundamentalism, exceed the limitations of traditional Christianity and religion organizations, put the Gospel and the salvation in force, establish the kingdom of God with the evangel sprit of universal religion. Step by step, from the pursuance to the personally spiritual salvation of classical evangelical in Protestant Reformation, to the confuse of social attention and critic of Gospel Renaissance in Religious revival movement, to the kingdom of God in temporal world, to the new evangelicalism with social Gospel after World War II, under the reflection to the history of evangelicalism, social Gospel changes itself from spiritual salvation into social reform, and finally make the Gospel become a real theology theory including personal faith and social salvation which is need in this life, then provides religion reasons for the ambitions in temporal world as a kind of salvation reveled in social Gospel. This part of paper bases on the foundation of history and logic development of evangelicalism itself and try to analysis the necessary of social critic of Gospel and the truth of salvation in theology in the other way.The second part discourses at great length on the details of the theory of kingdom of God and the theology salvation in social Gospel. Father of social Gospel Walter·Rauschenbusch said, in his works, ,< Christianizing the Social Order>, , the malady of capitalism is the vicious economic competition, and the consequences of that includes disorder social organization, the descending moral life, and the expanding of appetency. The only reason of all of this is that, the autarchic modern organization takes the place of the reasonable ones which were established by God, and capitalism has become a mythology. Then social Gospel theories figure out that the only way to solve the problems in our life is to create the kingdom of God, which bases on the theology salvation and the Gospel, solidifies all the human beings, makes justice, equality and love become true. As a community, kingdom of God has sociality, unity, reality, holiness and expiatory characters. According to the foretell of evangelicalism salvation and incarnation, social Gospel carrying the history and theological dimensionality of past, now and future. They make a promise of salvation that kingdom of God will become true. With the power of love, they may conciliate the contradiction between capitalism and proletariat, carry humanitarianism into execution, change the world in the moral and social reform. Then they can establish justices social organization in temporal world, change spiritual Gospel into real Christianity world.The third part of this paper discuss the process which social Gospel changes traditional Christianity, make the pure spiritual faith into temporal conceptions, then conduces the cooperation and the communication between the religion and the temporal world. On one hand, social Gospel theories illustrate society under deity-centered background, and establish a ideal society for human beings, on the other hand , they devote themselves into real world, try to change the reality and make social reform, setting out the real truth of Gospel. Social Gospel theories destroyed traditional eschatology theories, then turn themselves into a more tolerant attitude towards other religions and cultures. The idea of kingdom of God, not only focuses on the temporal life, bring out blueprint of ideal society system, but also focuses on kinds of policies, principles of modernization theories and foundation of states. They have a positive influence on the development of democracy and freedom, and the process of capitalism sprits and moral faith, even in the contribution of western culture. Not like fundamentalism, which is always negative towards human beings and the society, neither like liberalism, which is always positive to the fashion and current, social Gospel theories have their own attitude toward the world, which is based on the independence of Christianity theology, participate in the temporal world, by the cooperation of both Christianity and the real life, try to establish the kingdom of God in the influence of Gospel.The fourth part of this paper tries to get a critical reflection of the social Gospel, exhibits the rationality and the limit of theology salvation on the foundation of human emancipation in Marxism. As theories focus on the real society, they have something in common, including the standpoint of argue against capitalism and the eager towards the future world in which freedom、justices and love become true in the temporal life. But they are different in nature. They have different principles and different logical standpoints, human beings in dissimilation and in sin. Also they have different contexts, real economy and theology faith. From the view of Marxism, social Gospel theories and the kingdom of God have religion rationality and advanced characters in some degrees. They create another way to change the real temporal life, try to achieve human liberation through a theology method. But they also have a tough attitude towards violent revolution, imagine that love is the most powerful force, which can solve all the problems in our life, including the conflict in economy, and establishment of the kingdom of God. Then they have their theology ideality and abstract characters. Their own nature and characters decide that they cannot solve the dissimilation of human beings and other problems, they cannot achieve the real social relations between human and the full development in all sides. In spite of all of these disadvantages, as an event of significance in the history of Christianity, social Gospel theories create a new way form theology theories to react the real life, and the kingdom of God becomes a real standard of social reformations.