5.

　
　　The point of invention from the earliest days of fire, iron, and the wheel has always been to give man some additional advantage （1） over the natural environ-ment. For much of his history the advantages obtained were, on the whole （2）, occasional, small-scale, and, at least in the early stages, local in effect. Now this is changing. With our extensive knowledge and sophisti-cated (3) instruments we can, in some sort, fix stars (4) of our own in their courses and meddle with (5) the number of the days of our years. We are well on the way, in our timeless effort to bring the natural environ-ment under control, to replace it by artificial environ-ment of our own contriving.

[注释]
(1)additional advantage：附带的便利
(2)on the whole：大概；大体上
(3)sophisticated：杂多的
(4)fix stars：指引方向的星星；fix stars Of our own in their courses谓自己能够掌握方向。
(5)meddle with：与……有关系；参与……，按此句上下文为应利用(有限之岁月努力)。
[译文]
　　从最早期火、铁、轮子发明的观点来看，这已给予人类克服自然环境有了某种附带的便利。从人类历史的许多事迹可以说明这些已获得的便利，大体说来是偶然或小量有限的发明而已，起码在早期这个阶段只是本地地区性的影响。而现在的情形有了改变。靠了我们广泛的知识与众多的工具，在某一方面来说，我们能够自己掌握方向，利用我们有限的岁月，不分昼夜的努力，大可以将自然环境顺利地加以控制；靠了我们奋闸而创造的人工环境来代替自然环境。

6.

　　
　　The educated man sees beyond cause to its effect.　He has learned to anticipate. If a roof is defective, he anticipates the likelihood (1) that it will leak. If a child is poorly fed, the educated man anticipates the proba-bility of malnutrition and debility. (2)If a person is under unremitting stress (3), the educated man anticipates the possibility of physical or mental breakdown or both. As a society (4), however, we are uneducated in the sense that we anticipate poorly or not at all. We are surrounded (5) by major causes t（6） but tend to detach ourselves from (7) their major effects (8).

[注释]
(1)the likelihood((hat it will leak)一词按上下文指漏雨一类的事。
(2)debility：先天性的虚弱
(3)unremitting stress：不停地紧张烦忙
(4)as a society：社会之一份子
(5)be surrounded by：周边发生……
(6)major causes：重大事故
(7)to detach．…from…：不去理睬；不管
(8)maJor effects：严重后果

[译文]
　　读书人可从原因透视结果。即是说他有预测能力。如果屋顶有了毛病，他便会想到该屋会发生漏雨那类的事。如果一个孩子养得不好，读书人便预想得到可能是营养不良与先天性的虚弱。如果一个人不停地紧张烦忙，读书人便料想得到这个人可能会精神崩溃或身体崩溃，甚或精神与身体二者均会崩溃。然而，就做社会的一份子而言，如果我们预测能力太差或完全没有预测能力的话，我们就不能算是读过书的人。我们周边发生了重大事故，我们却不去理睬因这些重大事故所带来的严重后果。


7.


　　The place of our retreat (1) was a little neighbor-hood consisting of farmers, who tilled their own grounds, and were equal strangers to opulence (2) and poverty, As they had almost all the conveniences (3) of life within themselves, they seldom visited towns or cities in search of superfluity. Remote from (4) the polite, they still retained the primeval simplicity of manners; and frugal by habit, they scarcely knew that temperance was a virtue.

[注释]
(1)retreat：隐居的地方
(2)opulence：富裕
(3)conveniences：舒适品
(4)remote from：不太讲求……
[译文]
　　邻近我们隐居的地方，有一小撮自耕农，他们对富有与贫穷都一样的陌生。当他们在生活上所需要的舒适品几乎都有了的时候，他们很少到城里去追求超过需要的奢侈品。他们不太讲求礼貌，而他们仍旧保持上古之风的纯朴礼仪；并且他们节省成习，却不懂得节制的行为乃是一种美德。


8.


　　Many observers have commented （1） on what seems to be the fact that fear plays a much smaller part than we should think it must in the life of an animal which lives dangerously. Terror he can know, and perhaps he knows it frequently. But it seems to last only a little longer than the immediate danger（2）it helps him to avoid, instead of lingering (3), as in the human being it does, until it becomes a burden and a threat. The frightened bird resumes (4) his song as soon as danger has passed and so does the frightened rabbit his games. It is almost as if they knew that "cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once (5).

[注释]
(1)commented：认为；此处不可译为批评。
(2)immediate danger：当时的危险。
(3)lingering：此处指恐惧感迟迟不能消退之意。
(4)resumes：恢复
(5)最后一句引号内的子句应意译为『胆怯者死有余悸；勇敢者义无反顾。』如直译则不堪入耳。


[译文]
　　许多观察家认为，那似乎是一个事实，就是动物的一生中当处于危险的时候，恐惧感对他们来说并不如我们想像的那么严重。动物知道恐惧，甚或常常意识到恐惧。而恐惧感对他们来说似乎不会持久，且有助于他们逃脱当时的危险。然而我们人类的恐惧感却迟迟不能消失，且会成为一种精神的负担与威胁。一只受惊的鸟，当危险一过去马上就会恢复歌唱，同样的一只受惊的兔子，当危险一过去马上就会恢复游戏。这几乎像是他们都懂得这两句话：[胆怯者死有余悸；勇敢者义无反顾。]

9.


　　Any young writer who may imagine that the power of clear and concise literary expression comes by nature (1), cannot do better than study in Goldsmith’s writings the continual and minute alterations which the author considered necessary even after the first edition-sometimes when the second and third editions had been published. Many of these, especially in the poetical works, were merely improvements in sound (2), as suggested by a singularly sensitive ear. But the majority of (3) the omissions and corrections were prompted by a careful taste (4), which abhorred everything redundant or slovenly cs). The English people are very fond of good English; and thus it is that couplets from "The Traveller (6)" and "The Deserted Village" (7) have come into the common stock of our language, and that sometimes not so much on account of the ideas they convey as through their singular precision of epithet and musical sound.

[注释]
(1)by nature：靠天份；天生的。
(2)in sound：指声韵而言。
(3)the majority Of：许多。
(4)taste：品尝。
(5)redundant or slovenly：冗长散漫的(文笔)
(6)The Traveller([旅者])：为英国诗人高兹史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith，1930-74)于一七六四年所写的一篇长诗。他曾又于一七七O年写下另一篇长诗The Deserted Village([荒村])，这是他最具气魄的两首长诗，此二诗描写英格兰与苏格兰在他那个时代，社会与经济的不景 气，但是，他以轻松的态度写作，语意柔和而愉快，以致词藻盖住了他的思想。高兹密斯总是忍受较大的痛苦辛劳地工作，将其作品一改再改，务期达到文字最精确的表达为止，故被誉为英国文学中最伟大人物之一。其伟大剧作自投怀抱)有[好好先生] (The Good—natured Man，1768)；『(She Stoops to Conquer，1773)等作品。
(7)The Deserted Village：『荒村』诗篇名。


[译文]
　　一个青年作家如果认为文学表达上那种清晰简明之笔力是算大份的话，他不如去研究一下高兹米斯作品里那经过屡次细微的修改过的文句，而这些修改过的地方又是高兹米斯甚至在第一版之后就认为是必要的——有时第二版与第三版之后都会修改过。许多修改过的地方，特别是诗歌作品里的，仅仅某些声韵耳朵听起来不顺就需加以修改。也有许多地方 是因他有一种仔细品尝的癖性，而这种癖性是不容任何散漫的辞句，故而立即加以删改。英国人喜爱美好英文章句，以是高兹米斯的长诗[旅者]与[荒村]里的对句韵律诗句常被引用而为英文常用语，并且所引用者有的并不是因为其所表达的观念好，而仅是因为词藻精湛与声韵铿然。


10.


　　A tradesman (1) behind his counter must have no flesh and blood about him, no passions, no resentment; he never be angry--no, not so much as seem to be so (2) if a customer troubles him five hunred pounds’ worth of goods, and scarce bids (3) money for anything; nay, though they really come to his shop with no intent to buy, as many do, only to see what is to be sold, and though he knows they cannot be better pleased than they are at some other shop where they intend to buy, ’tis all one; the tradesman must take it (4), he must place it to the accout of his calling(5) that ’tis his business to be ill used and resent nothing; and so must answer as obligingly to those who give him an hour or two’s trouble and buy nothing as he does to those who, in half the time, lay out ten or twenty pounds. The case is plain; and if some do give him trouble, and do not buy, others make amends, and do buy ; and as for the trouble, ’tis the business of the shop.

[注释]
(l)tradesman: 此处按上下文意应译为小店员。
(2)"not so much as seem to be so" 一语意即想大发脾气而似乎又不能那样做之意。
(3)bids：出价钱
(4)take it：认命；忍受
(5)calling：按上下文意指职业分内之事。

[译文]
　　一个坐柜台的小店员该是理智的，不激动，不生气；他绝对不可以忿怒——不可以忿怒，即使想生气也不可以如是做。如果有一位顾客对一件价值五千英镑的货物，以出价来烦扰他的话，他亦不可以生气；绝对不可以生气的，像许多人那样，他们进店来不是想来买东西的，只是来看看有什么东西在卖，也明知道这种人不容易讨好，就正如那些到店里是 真要买东西的主顾一样不容易讨好，顾客就都是那个样子；小店员必须忍受，并把这类的事情看着是职业份内的事，那就是说其本份就是应该受气而不生气；对那些麻烦他一两个小时而不买东西的人，就像对那些到店里来，花了刚才那种人一半的时间，却出手就是一二十英镑的顾客一样的要高高兴兴的回答他们的问题。其情形是很显然的；如果有人到店里来麻烦了他，但并不买东西，别的顾客却是真的来买东西给了他补偿；至于说麻烦嘛，开店本来就是一件麻烦的事嘛。

11.


　　One of the deepest (1) of minor pleasures is the common one of collecting. I say deep because it is rooted in the soil of the primitive. It is akin to (2) the pleasure we take in being snug and warm when outside the elements (3) are raging. It must respond to the caveman within (4). The philatelist will tell you that stamps are educational, that they are valuable, that they are beautiful. All that is quite true, but only part of the truth. Such reason can hardly account for the fact that collecting can be and often is a passion, saturated with the irrational. My notion is that collec-ting is a symbolic gesture (5). The collection is a hedge, a comfort, a shelter into which the sorely beset mind can withdraw. It is orderly, it grows toward completion, it is something, as we say, that can’t be taken away from us. The miser is merely a collector gone mad; but all collectors are a little mad in that they draw from (6) an assemblage(7) of inanimate objects (8) a pleasure that is profoundly emotional and tied to the core of their being (9).

[注释]
(1)the deepest：此处译根深蒂固不如译渊源久还或(历史)最终久较妥。
(2)akin to：类似……；同于……
(3)elements：暴风雨
(4)within：按上下文意指躲在洞穴内之意。
(5)symbolic gesture：此处非象征手势之意，应从象征意义来讲，因手势之表达亦为一种意义之表达。
(6)draw from……(a pleasure) ：从……获得乐趣
(7)assemblage：收集
(8)inanimate objects：无生命的东西
(9)the core or their being：存在的中心；生命的根源
　　
　　搜集东西是最普遍最悠久的小趣味。我说悠久是因为其渊源可溯自远古原始人类。其趣味同于暴风雨时室外风雨交加而室内舒适温暖那种情形。这种情形也同于山顶洞人躲在洞 穴里的趣味。集邮家告诉你邮票是有教育意义的，有价值的，美丽的。所说的这些都很对，但仅说明了一部份事实。这样的理由尚不能说明搜集东西经常是一种沉醉在无理性中的热情这一事实。我的看法是这样的，搜集东西有象征的意义。搜集东西像是一道篱笆，一个舒适的地方(一种慰藉)，一个避风港，躲在里边那痛苦受创的心灵就可以逃避现实，那地方井然有序臻于完美的境界，可以说，那是对我们很重要而别人却无法夺走的东西。小气鬼就是发狂的收集家；但是所有的收集家多少都有一点狂热，这种狂热就是从无生命物的搜集而得到乐趣，而这种乐趣是富有深厚的感情而与他整个的生命紧紧相关联着。

12.


　　All philosophers imagine that causation （1） is one of the fundamental axioms (2) of science, yet, oddly enough, in advanced sciences such as gravitational astronomy, the word "cause" never occurs.

　　Dr. James Ward, in his Naturalism (3) and Agnosti-cism (4), makes this a ground of complaint against physics: the business of those who wish to ascertain the ultimate truth about the world, he apparently thinks, should be the discovery of causes, yet physics never even seeks them. To me it seems that philosophy ought not to assume such legislative functions(5), and that the reason why physics has ceased to look for causes is that, in fact, there are no such things. The law of causality (6), I believe, like much that passes muster (7) among philosophers, is a relic of a bygone age, surviving (8), like the monarchy, only because it is erroneously supposed to do no harm.

[注释]
(1)causation：因果律。
(2)axioms：公理原理。
(3)Naturalism：自然主义。
(4)Agnosticism：不可知论。
(5)legislative functions：此处合法的功能指合法的责任而言。
(6)the law Of causality：即causation(因果律)。
(7)passes muster：通过资格考试；检验合格。
(8)surviving：生存；存在；尚存在。

[译文]
　　所有的哲学家都认为因果律是科学的基本原理之一，然而，很奇怪呀，如引力天文学等高深的科学，[起因]一词就从来不提。
　　
　　杰姆斯•华德博士，在池的自然主义不可知论中，就这一点对物理学家不满：他显然认为，那些以探求宇宙绝对真理的人，其为起因之发现应为其职志，然而物理学就从来不追寻此等问题。我认为哲学似乎不应该承担这样一种所谓合法的责任，并且，为什么物理学家不去探寻起因的理由，事实上是根本没有起因这样的东西。我认为因果律，颇似哲学家通过资格检验的东西，乃是一种历史陈迹，就像专制政体今天尚有存在者，正因为大家错误的认为其存在亦无伤大雅。

13.


　　You have not experienced the full charm （1） of the man unless you have actually seen him, bent troubled with rheumatism, crawling out from between his coarse cotton sheets like a ruin (2). Only in the warmest months of the year do his bones thaw out sufficiently to enable him to stand erect. In the summer afternoons he walks the park, his little head glowing like a minor sun, his jaw set in a violent expression of health (3).

[注释]
(1)charm：可爱之处；媚人之处。
(2)ruin：此处作废物(waste)讲。
(3)in a violent expression of health：表现很有精神的样子。

[译文]
　　除非你真的看到了他，你是不会体会到这个人所有可爱之处，他因风湿而佝凄得很厉害，蜷缩在他那粗糙的棉被里像一团废物。只有在一年最温暖的季节里他的骨骼才能完全舒展，因而能站起来。在某些个夏天的午后他在公园里散步，他的小脑袋像一个小太阳那样闪着光，他的下颚很有精神的挺着。

14.

　　You have heard people dismiss the claims of a liberal education (1) with the statement that it is more ornamental (2) than useful. Poor things, when they have delivered themselves of this verdict they think they have settled the question. How are such people to suspect that knowledge has values which transcend both use and ornamentation? One prizes it (3), not for what he can do with it, but for what it does to him; not for the tools it lays in his hand, but for the changes it brings about in his own capacities and ideals and standards.

　　All this is not to say that we should pursue learning for the sake of its introspective rewards (4). The day will probably never come again when the western mind (5) will regard philosophical contemplation as the highest good. But unless learning has spiritually enriched the individual, has freed him from prejudices and awakened a profound intellectual passion, it is not education at all. We lose the spirit of true education the instant we begin to think of it as a tool for "getting ahead (6),"and not as a value in itself. To do that is to place the economic (7) before the aesthetic, the things of the flesh before those of the spirit.

[注释]
(1)liberal education：通材教育。
(2)ornamental：文饰。
(3)prizes it：prize此处译珍视为宜；指知识而言。
(4)introspective rewards：内省效用。
(5)western mind：指西方精神而言。
(6)"getting ahead"讽刺有人以教育为谋求高职之工具，故此处译为[进身]颇为得宜。
(7)the economic(the＋Adj.=Noun)此处译为实用，盖与后一词the aethetic (美学)有反称对比之效用。

[译文]
　　听说有人草率地认定通材教育是文饰而非实用。这些可怜虫呀!当他们自己提出这个论调的时候，却认为他们大概已经解答了这个问题。这样的人他们怎会想到知识有凌驾于文饰与实用二者之上的价值呢?一个人珍视知识，并不是因为靠了知识他能做什么，而是因为知识对他本人起了作用；不是因为知识把工具置于他的手中，而是因为知识对他的能力、理想和某些标准引起了改变。

　　整个这点并不是说我们应该为知识的内省效用而追求知识。西方精神以哲学的沉思为至善的这么一天大概永远不会再来。但是，除了知识能在灵性方面充实个人，消除偏见，以及唤醒对高深知识的热情，那就不能算有教育。当我们开始认为软育是一种[进身]的工具，而忽略其本身的某种价值时，我们便丧失了真正的教育精神。那样的想法便是置实用 于美学之上，取血肉而舍灵性了。


15.


　　Today, the solitary inventor, tinkering(1) in his shop, has been overshadowed by task forces (2) of scientists in laboratories and testing fields, in the same fashion, the free university, historically the fountainhead of free ideas and scientific discoveries, has experienced a revolution in the conduct of research. Partly because of the huge costs involved, a government contract becomes virtually a substitute for intellectual curiosity. For every old black board there are now hundreds of new electronic computers.

[注释]
(1)tinkerin9：盲敲敲打打，修修补补之意。
(2)task rorces：有团队精神之工作队伍。

[译文]
　　以前那个在他工厂里修修补补的发明家，现在已因实验室和实验场庞大的科学家工作队而失色了。同样，那个自由的大学，在历史上为自由意见与科学发明的泉源，现在已在研究工作方面，经历了一次革命。一部份是由于牵涉到庞大花费，于是一再政府合同，实际上成了知识方面好奇的代替晶。以前仅需一块黑板的，现在却要数百架新型电子计算机去代替。

16.


　　Literally every step we take in life is determined by a series of interlocking concepts and conceptual schemes. Every goal we formulate for our actions, every decision we make, be it trivial or momentous (1), involves assumptions (2) about the universe and about human beings. To my mind, any attempt to draw a sharp line (3) between common-sense ideas and scientific concepts is not only impossible but unwise. Belief in the whole apparatus (4)of a three-dimensional (5) world and in the existence of other people is a policy (6) essential for an individual’s survival; for a physicist or chemist in bis laboratory, a new working hypothesis is a policy guiding his conduct as an experimenter. Where is one to draw the line? The common-sense ideas of our ancestors before the dawn of modern science were the foundation of all their value judgments. If scientific concepts are now part of our common-sense assumptions, and who can doubt they are, then to this degree, at least, the consequences of the actions of previoas scientists now affect our value judgments. This much connection between science and human conduct seems to me quite certain.

[注释]
(1)trivial or momentous=large Or small(或大或小)。
(2)assumptions：假定。
(3)to draw asharp line：严格划分或划一个明显的界限
(4)the whole apparatus：指整个地球之结构而言。
(5)three—dimensional：三度空间的；长，宽，高的。
(6) policy：此处意指principle(原则)

[译文]
　　我们在生活中所走的每一步，实际上都是由一连串相关联的概念或概念设计而决定。我们为本身的行动所确立的每一个目的和决定或大或小都牵涉到关于宇宙与人类的假定。据我看要在常识概念与科学概念之间划一个明显的界限，不但不可能，也是不明智的。相信这个三度之世界整个的结构和相信还有他人生存在这个世界里，是每一个人生存必须有的原则；对在实验室里工作的物理学家或化学家来说，一个新的暂定假设便是指导他实验行为的原则。二者之间的界限应划在什么地方呢?在现代科学未问世之前，我们的祖先是靠常识观念来作一切价值判断的基础。如果说科学概念已成我们常识假定的一部份——谁能怀疑呢——那么至少在程度上，过去科学家活动的结果现在影响到我们的价值判断。在我看来，科学与人类行为间这种密切的关系似乎是非常确定的。


17.


　　In every nation, there is a vast class of people who are cowardly, and more or less stupid. And with these people, just as certainly the fee (1) is first and the work second, as with brave people the work is first and the fee （2）second. And this is no small distinction. It is the whole (3) distinction. It is the whole distinction in a man. Observe then, all wise work (4) is mainly threefold in character. It is honest, useful and cheerful. I hardly know anything more strange than that you recognize honesty in play, and you do not in work. In your lightest games you have always some one to see what you call "fair play (5)".　In boxing you must hit fair; in racing, start fair. Your watchword (6) is fair play; your hatred, foul play (7). Did it ever strike (8) you that you wanted axother watchword also, fair work., and another hatred also, foul work?

[注释]
(1)the fee：此处指待遇或薪资而言，并非费用之意。
(2)the fee second=the fee is second的省略形式。
(3)is the whole distinction(绝对的差别)中whole一字意指complete，故译为[绝对』以加强语意。
(4)wise work：不可译为[聪明的工作]，应译为[有意义的工作』。
(5)fair play：公平竞争。
(6)watchword：口号。
(7)foul play：违规。
(8)strike：此处为『使……想起……』之意。

[译文]
　　各国有各色各样的人士，做起事来畏首畏尾，而且是多少带点愚昧。对这些人士来说，当然讲求的是待遇第一，工作其次；相反地，勇于负责的人则是工作第一，待遇其次。这种差别是极大的，并且是绝对的差别，也就是为人的差别。由此观之，所有有意义的工作有三种性质；即诚实，实用，热忱。我几乎不了解，也很诧异：你在游戏时讲求诚实，而你在工作时，却不然。在最轻松的比赛中，你总是叫人明白你所谓的『公平竞争』。在拳击赛中你必须公平出击；在赛跑时，起步不可偷步。你的口号是公平竞争，而你所忌恨的就是违规。你是否也曾经想到另一个口号：正直的工作；另一种忌恨：投机取巧?

18.


　　These young people have two orientations, well in hand (1), to themselves and to the larger ranges of experience. It is toward those middle relationships that they are indifferent--current opinion (2) and social usage (3) and the imperatives of traditional religion and morality. Their parents wring their hands (4) over them; their professors find them lukewarm or cool; we older friends are often exasperated. These impati-ences are provoked by the fact that they wish to live correctly by their lights (5) and not by ours. In proportion as we are free we must accord them that.

[注释]
(1)well in hand：很有把握。
(2)current opinion：流行的观念。
(3)social usage：社会的习俗。
(4)wring their hands over：对……束手无策。
(5)lights：标准。

[译文]
　　这些年轻人很有把握地往两个方向走，一是朝向他们自身，把自己认识得更清楚；一是走向更大的经验圈子。只有对那些中间关系，像流行的思想，社会的习俗，传统的宗教和道德上的规律，他们才会漠视。他们的父母对他们束手无策，教师们又觉得他们总是阴阳怪气或缺乏热情，我们老一辈的人见了他们又常常容易发火。他们所以惹得我们心烦不安，都是由于这个原因：他们希望根据他们自己的标准来过一种正当的生活。我们既然是自由的，我们就应该按照我们所享受到的自由，让他们也能自由的过他们自己的生活。


19.


　　Writers and people who teach writing often call it a craft. A craft is an art or occupation that requires special skill. A person who wishes to learn a craft, whether it is pottery making, carpentry, weaving, or silversmithing, must have instruction (1). He must have direction (2) and practice. Before a potter gives his apprentice a ball of clay to turn on the potter’s wheel or before a carpenter puts a saw into the hand of his apprentice, he tells him to watch the master’s skilled hands handle the clay, handle the saw and the board. So the apprentice tries to do exactly what the craftsman did. He tries to do it with the same smooth-ness (3) and precision of his master (4). At first he is awkward, but as he becomes more familiar with the material used, with the tools, and with the problems that his craft has been created to solve, he gradually improves.

[注释]
(1)instruction：此处应译为训练之意。
(2)direction(说明或指引)此处译要领较妥。
(3)smoothness：此处非平滑而是平稳之意。
(4)master：师父。

[译文]
　　作家与教写作的常谓：写作是一种技艺。技艺是需要具备特别技巧的一种艺术或行业。一个想要学得一种技艺的人，不管是制造陶瓷，木工，编织或银器铸造，都必需接受训练。他必须具备要领与练习，一个陶工将一块陶土交给他的学徒在辗镀上转动前或一个木匠将一把锯子交给他的学徒时，他告诉他注意师父用熟练的手法处置所持的陶土，锯子和木板，于是学徒尽量设法做到像师父一样的平稳与确实，起初，他显得有点笨拙，但等他把所需要的材料，所使用的工具以及手工艺上所产生的问题解决方法逐渐摸熟后，他的手工艺亦将随之精进。


20.


　　Speaking for myself, however, it may not be well known that in trying to create as high a degree of self-sufficiency as possible, our people are rigoro-usly following a program of self-denial（1）and austerity (2). We deny ours fancy foods (3), alcoholic beverages, tobacco and lavish entertainments (4), night clubs and so on because we cannot afford them. Our people are putting the interests of their country before their personal pleasures, and I consider that to be praiseworthy conduct.

[注释]
(1)self—denial：自制。
(2)austerity：节约。
(3)fancy foods：山珍海味。
(4)lavish entertainments：奢侈浪费的娱乐。

[译文]
　　以我个人来说，一般人也许还不甚了解，为了尽可能达到高度的自给自足，我们的人民正严格遵守着去履行一种自制与节约的生活计划。我们摒弃了山珍海味，烟酒和奢侈浪费的娱乐，以及夜总会等等的享受，因为我们根本无力及此。我们的人民正将国家利益置于个人的快乐之上，我认为这是值得称道之举。

21.


　　I sing the praise of the Unknown Teacher. Great Generals win campaigns, but it is tha Unknown Soldier who wins the war. Famous educators plan new systems of pedagogy (1), but it is the Unknown Teacher who delivers and guides the young (2). He lives in obscurity (3) and contends with hardship. For him no trumpets blare, no chariots wait, no golden decorations are decreed (4). He knows the watch along the borders of darkness, and makes the attack on the trenches of ignorance and folly. Patient in his duty, he strives to conquer the evil powers which are the enemies of youth. He awakens sleeping spirits (5). He quickens the indolent, encourages the eager, and steadies the unstable. He communicates his own joy of learning, and shares with boys and girls the best treasures of the mind (6). He lights many candles, which, in later years, will shine back and cheer him. This is his reward. No one is more worthy to be enrolled in the democratic Aristocracy (7), "King (8) of himself and servant of mankind."
---Henry Van Dyke, "To the Unknown-Teacher"

[注释]
(1)pedagogy：教学法；教学。
(2)the young：指下一代而言，即 forth-coming gener-
ation之意
(3)in obscurity：默默无闻之意。
(4) decreed：颁赠。
(5)sleeping spirits：沉睡的楕神；萎糜不振的精神。
(6)the mind：指思想方面而言。
(7)Aristocracy：此字大写转义为第一等人物或最高
贵的人物。
(8)King：此处指尊贵而言。


[译文]
　　我歌颂无名的教师。伟大的将军们在战役中获胜，但真正赢得战争的却还需无名的兵士。著名的教育家计划教学的新体系，但真正教导下一代的，却还是无名的教师。生活在默默无闻之中，经常与困难搏斗。军乐不为他吹奏，鸾与不为他等候，黄金的勋奖也不为他颁发。他深悉黑暗边界上戍守者的况味，也经常向无知与愚蠢的战壕冲锋攻击。在职务上，他耐心地努力于征服那些实为青年死敌的邪恶力量。他唤醒睡眠中的精神。他激发懒惰的，鼓励勤奋的，稳定动摇的。他传达他自己的求知乐趣，与男女青年共享思想上的最佳财富。他点燃许多蜡烛，而它们将来也会光芒返照，鼓舞他的情操。这便是他的报酬。以其具有民主精神的第一等人物而言，无人能比他更配称为[最尊贵的自我，最忠诚的人类公仆。]


22.


　　Back of social changes lie many forces (1).Climate, natural resources, agriculture and manufact-ures all serve to set in operation influences that tend to change a people’s life. It is the part of good administration to adjust these forces in such fashion that changes are balanced and national experience is not left at the mercy of varying conditions. But the economic life of a perple (2) is so complicated that complete adjustment is beyond (3) human power. Poverty in itself is seldom the cause of revolution. It is the sense of inequality in the distribution of wealth that breeds discontent. When wealth increases and at the same time tends to become monopolized in some class or group, this discontent is always keen. And, above all, when the rich are indifferent to the inequalities which economic change increases, and when the burdens of the economic change increases,　and when the burdens of the economic life are not lifted from those least able to bear them, the conse-iousness of inequality grows into enmity (4).

[注释]
(1)"Back of social changes 1ie many forces．"即"Many
forces 1ie back Of social changes．"
(2)a people：指全体国民而言。
(3)beyond：意谓[…所不及』或[…所做不到的』。
(4)enmity：此处为[敌对意识』的含意。

[译文]
　　在社会变迁的后面，有很多力量存在着。譬如气候，天然资源，农业与各种制造业，都有助于引发改变人民生活的种种力量。好的政府的主要职责就在于调整这些因素，使种种变化得以平衡和谐，使国家不致于任由这些千变万化的情况所支配。但是国民的经济生活是如此的复杂，完全的调整控制是人力所做不到的。贫穷本身很少是革命的起因。财富分配不平均的感觉，才产生人心理上的不满。财富增加，同时而有被某一阶级或某一团体所垄断的倾向时，这种不满往往很强烈。最重要的是，当富有的人对因经济变化所增加的不平等漠不关心，并且不能从最无力负荷的国民身上将其经济上的负担消除之时，不平等的感觉便发展成为敌对意识了。

23.


　　Breathes (1) there the man with soul (2) so dead who never to himself hath said，
　　　　　"This is my own, my native land!"
Whose heart hath ne’er within him burned As home his
footsteps he hath turned
　　　　　From wandering on a foreign strand?
If such there breathe, go, mark him well!
For him no minstrel raptures swell;
High though his titles, proud his name,
Boundless his wealth as wish can claim,--
Despite those titles, power, and pelf(3).
The wretch, concentered all in self (4),
Living, shall forfeit fair renown,
And, doubly dying (5), shall go down
To the vile dust from whence he sprung,
Unwept, unhonored, and unsung.
　　　　　　　　--- Sir Walter Scott (6) "Love of Country"

[注释]
(1)breathes：尚在呼吸，意指尚活着之意。
(2)with soul．…：接下文指没有生气没有精神。
(3)pelf：财物；钱财；烂东西
(4)concentered all ln self：自私自利。
(5)doubly dying：满身罪恶。 •
(6)Sir Walter scott：瓦托•史柯特(1771—1832)英国诗人小说家，其作品充满了浪漫气氛：骑士、战斗、悲戚、热情，以及那种幻想过去的魔力。后来批评家给他的评价甚高。诗歌著有『最后诗人之歌』 (The Lay of the Last Minstrel，1805)；『苏格兰边地之歌』(The Minstrelsy of Scottish Border，1802—3) ；『玛米安』 (Marmion，1808) ；『湖上夫人』(The Lady of the Lake，1810) 。小说著作甚多，主要的有：『卫弗莱』 ( Waverley，1814)；『好教养的怪人』 (Guy Munnering，1815)；『考古家』(The Antiquary，1816) ： 『古人』(Old Mortality，1817) ， 『洛布•洛伊』 (Rob．Roy，1818) ；『撤克逊组后英雄传』 (Ivanhoe，1820)；『十字军英雄记』 (Talisman，1825)；『惊婚记』(Quentin Durward，1823)等。

[译文]
　　这个人死气沉沉地活着
　　他从来不会呼唤，
　　　　“祖国呀，我的祖国!”
　　当他漂泊他乡
　　曾几踏上归程的时候，
　　　　也不曾在心中燃起热情?
　　如果他要这样活着，就随他去吧!
　　那样不会有诗人来为他咏歌；
　　纵使他的名高位重
　　财富都遂其心愿——
　　除了这些名位、权势、财物以外还有什么?
　　这个可怜的人呀，他自私地活着，
　　他必然是名誉扫地
　　带着满身罪恶
　　淹没在那给他生命的污尘，
　　从此无人哀悼，无人赞誉，无人咏歌。

　　　　　　——英诗人瓦托•史柯特所作“爱国颂”


24.


　　We see with our eyes, and taste with our mouths. We hear with our ears, and smell with our noses. We feel with our hands, and walk with our feet. We cannot see our thoughts, or hear, or taste, or feel, or smell them. Yet what mighty power（1）they（2）have!

[注释]
(1)mighty power：指强大无比的力量而言。
(2)they：即thoughts(思想)的代名词。

[译文]
　　我们用我们的眼睛看，用嘴尝，用耳朵听，并且用鼻子嗅。我们用手摸，并且用脚走路。至于我们的思想，既不能看见，也不能听到、尝到、触到，更不能嗅到，但是思想却具有强大无比的力量!


25.


　　[Moscow, Fed. 2 (AP) ] The Kremlin may be preparing the Soviet Communist Party for a formal split with （1）Red China. It may come at (2) the party congress next month.

　　Soviet Communist sources said a long letter from the Kremlin detailing charges against "Peking" has been circulated to (3) party groups during the past two weeks.

　　Party presidium members, including First Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, have spoken at meeting where the letter was read, the sources said.

　　The purpose of the letter, the sources said, is to prepare the party membership for a formal declaration that a reconciliation (4) with "Peking" is impossible. It may come at the party congress opening March 29 in Moscow, the informants added.

[注释]
(1)split with：分裂
(2)come at：发生于……
(3)(be)circulated to：分送；分发给
(4)reconciliation with：与……和解

[译文]
　　［美联社莫斯科二月二日电］克林姆林可能正在准备使苏俄共产党与中共正式决裂，这种裂隙将在下月党员大会中发生。
　　
　　据苏俄共党方面清息称，克林姆林宫所书详细抨击[北京]的一封长信，在过去两星期内，已分发给共党各个组织。

　　据称，俄共大会主席团委员们，包括第一书记布里兹里夫在内，已在该函宣读的数个集会中，发表演说。
　　
　　有关方面继称，该函目的在于准备为俄共党员们发表一篇正式宣言，说明与[北京]和解绝不可能。消息灵通人士又称，此项宣言或将于三月廿九日在莫斯科举行之共党大会里予以发表。

26.


　　Even if I in fact were with nothing. I should within myself feel as it there were (1) nothing I do not possess. I there fore (2) must not let myself follow narrow-minded practices of a niggard. Instead, I must with a pair of generous hands hew a broad avenue for the salvation of people and the world.

[注释]
(1)注意此句式是"as it there were…"，而非"as it were…"，其中there一字不可忽略。
(2)"I there fore must．…"中的 there fore如改写为therefore，句子则变为"I，therefore，must…"或" Therefore，I must．…"的结构。

[译文]
　　事实上我纵然一无所有，但在内心我们应觉得好像无所不有。因此我不应该学像心胸狭窄的小气鬼一样，相反地，我必须用我双手慷慨地为救人救世开辟一条康庄大道。


27.


　　The duties of all public officers (1)are, or at least admit of being made, so plain and simple that men of intelligence may readily qualify themselves for their performance, and I cannot but believe that more is lost by the long continuance of men in office (2) that is generally to be gained by their experience. I submit, therefore, to your consideration whether the efficiency of the Government (3) would not be promoted and official industry and integrity (4) better secured by a generai extension of the law which limits appoi-ntments (5) to four years.

[注释]
(1)the duties of……public officers：公职人员（公务员）的职务。
(2)in office：此处指担任公职而言。
(3)the efficiency of the Government：行政效率。
(4)official industry and integrity：公务员的勤勉与廉洁。
(5)appointments：任期；聘任；委任。

[译文]
　　所有公务员的职务都是平常而单纯的，因此具有聪明才智的人便马上可以胜任愉快，而我不得不相信，长久继续担任公职的人，虽然通常因他们的经验而对国家有所贡献，而实际上却得不偿失。所以，我要建议诸位考虑，是否将法律普遍修正为限制担任公职者的任期为四年，如此则公务员的勤勉和廉正较能获致，政府的行政效率也得以提高。


28.


　　A storm brought a rain precipitation（1）of 130 centimeters to Taipei area this Sunday morning. It plagued the lowest portion flooded even to the worst that Taipei Water Works cut short (2) of water supply.

　　Many doubt water cleanliness in Taipei area. Of course, water pollution (3) is often an inevitable problem in metropolitan areas, but in the matter of its severity there are rew with more trouble than that of Taipei. Though watersource protection against pollution is the responsibility of the government auth-orities (4), yet citizens have to support and help the former and must not drop rubbish and waste into the river or on the bank.

[注释]
(1)precipitation：降雨量，降雪量均用此字。
(2)cut short of：中断。
(3)water pollution：水染污。
(4)the government authorities：政府当局。

[译文]
　　星期天早上台北地区的一场暴风雨带来了130厘米的雨量，不但在部份低洼地区造成水灾，甚至水厂的给水供应也为之中断。

　　许多人对台北地区自来水是否干净表示怀疑。当然在大都市里水污染是免不了的，但像台北这般严重的并不多见。保护水源的干净是政府有关当局的责任，而一般民众也必须支持和协助，切勿随便把垃圾倒在河水中或倒在河堤两岸。


29.


　　We of this age have discovered a shorter and more prudent method to become scholars and wits (1) without the fatigue of reading books or of thinking. The most accomplished way of using books at present is two-fold: either, first, to serve them as some men do lords (2), learn their titles exactly and then boast of their acquaintance (3). Or, secondly, which is indeed the choicer(4), the profounder, and politer method, to get a thorough insight into the index, by which the whole book is governed and turned, like fishes by the tail. For, to enter the palace of learning by the great gate requires an expense or time and forms; therefore men of great haste and little ceremony are content to get in by the back door (5). For the arts are all in a flying march and therefore are more easily subdued by attacking them in the rear.

[注释]
(1)wits：智者
(2)lords：指主人而言。
(3)acquaintance：指交情而言。
(4)the choicer：此较可选的一种，意谓较上乘。
(5)to get in by the back door：走后门，抄小径之意。

[译文]
　　处于我们这个时代的人，已发现了更简短更明智的方法去成为学者或智者，而不必经历看书或思考的疲劳。在目前最精明的使用书籍的方法有二种：第一，像使役们对待主人一样，把他们的头衔正确地记住，然后就大事夸耀其交情；第二，这的确是两种之中较上乘，较深刻而又优雅的方法，把书籍的索引浏览一遍，因为它是整本书起承转合的关键，犹如鱼的尾巴左右鱼身一样。因为做学问就如同进入宫殿一样，要从正门进入费时费事，所以急躁和不拘礼的人，只要走后门就心满意足了。因为所有文艺犹如军队之急行军，所以攻击后方较容易获得胜利。

楼主是搞翻译的嘛？发了那么多帖子，佩服啊，不知能否和你交流？